The History of Early and Modern Screws and Screwdrivers

A screw is any shaft with a corkscrew-shaped groove formed on its surface. Screws are used to fasten two objects together. A screwdriver is a tool for driving (turning) screws; screwdrivers have a tip that fits into the head of a screw. Early Screws Around the first century CE, screw-shaped tools became common, however, historians do not know who invented the first. Early screws were made from wood and were used in wine presses, olive oil presses, and for pressing clothes. Metal screws and nuts used to fasten two objects together first appeared in the fifteenth century. In 1770, English instrument maker, Jesse Ramsden (1735–1800) invented the first satisfactory screw-cutting lathe, and went on to inspire other inventors. In 1797, Englishman Henry Maudslay (1771–1831) invented a large screw-cutting lathe that made it possible to mass-produce accurately sized screws. In 1798, American machinist David Wilkinson (1771–1652) also invented machinery for the mass production of threaded metal screws. Robertson Screw In 1908, square-drive screws were invented by Canadian P. L. Robertson (1879–1951), 28 years before Henry Phillips patented his Phillips head screws, which are also square-drive screws. The Robertson screw is considered the first recess-drive type fastener practical for production usage. The design became a North American standard, as published in the Industrial Fasteners Institute Book of Fastener Standards. A square-drive head on a screw is an improvement over the slot head because the screwdriver will not slip out of the screws head during installation. The early 20th century Model T car made by the Ford Motor Company (one of Robertsons first customers) used over seven hundred Robertson screws. Phillips Head Screw and Other Improvements In the early 1930s, the Phillips head screw was invented by Oregon businessman Henry Phillips (1889–1958). Automobile manufacturers now used car assembly lines. They needed screws that could take greater torque and could provide tighter fastenings. The Phillips head screw was compatible with the automated screwdrivers used in an assembly line. A hexagonal or hex screw head has a hexagonal hole turned by an Allen key. An Allen key (or Allen wrench) is a hexagonally shaped turning tool (wrench), was first produced by William G. Allen of the Allen Manufacturing Company in Connecticut; who patented it first debatable. In 1744, the flat-bladed bit for the carpenters brace was invented, the precursor to the first simple screwdriver. Handheld screwdrivers first appeared after 1800. Types of Screws Myriad types of screws have been invented to perform specific tasks. A cap screw has a convex head, usually hexagonal, designed to be driven by a spanner or wrench.The wood  screw has a tapered shaft allowing it to penetrate the undrilled  wood.The machine screw has a cylindrical shaft and fits into a nut or a tapped hole, a small bolt.The self-tapping  screw has a cylindrical shaft and a sharp thread that cuts its own hole, often used in sheet metal or plastic.A drywall screw is a specialized self-tapping screw with a cylindrical shaft that has proved to have uses far beyond its original application.The set screw has no head at all and is designed to be inserted flush with or below the surface of the work piece.The double-ended  screw is a wood-screw with two pointed ends and no head. It is used for making hidden joints between two pieces of wood. Shapes of Screw Head Pan head: disc with a chamfered outer edgeCheesehead: disc with a cylindrical  outer edgeCountersunk: conical, with flat outer face and tapering inner face allowing it to sink into the material, very common for wood screwsButton or dome head screw: flat inner face and hemispherical outer faceMirror screw head: countersunk head with a tapped hole to receive a separate screw-in chrome-plated cover; used for attaching mirrors Types of Screw Drive A variety of tools  exists  to drive screws into the material to be fixed. The hand tools used to drive slot-headed and cross-headed screws  are  called screwdrivers. A power tool that does the same job is a power screwdriver. The hand-tool for driving cap screws and other types is called a spanner (U.K. usage) or wrench (U.S. usage). Slot head screws are driven by a flat-bladed screwdriver.Cross-head or Phillips screws have an X-shaped slot and are driven by a cross-head screwdriver, designed originally in the 1930s for use with mechanical screwing machines, intentionally made so the driver will ride out, or cam out, under strain to prevent over-tightening.The Pozidriv is an improved Phillips head screw, and it has its own screwdriver, similar to cross-head but with better resistance to slipping, or cam-out.Hexagonal or hex screw heads have a hexagonal hole and are driven by a hexagonal wrench, sometimes called an Allen  key or a power tool with a hexagonal bit.Robertson drive head screws have a square hole and are driven by a special power-tool bit or screwdriver (this is a low-cost version of the hex head for domestic use).Torx head screws have a splined socket and receive a driver with a splined shaft.Tamper-proof  Torxs drive sockets have a projection to prevent a standard  Torx  driver being inserted .Tri-Wing screws were used by Nintendo on its  Gameboys, and dont have a driver associated with them, which has discouraged even minor home repairs to the units. Nuts Nuts are square, round, or hexagonal metal blocks with a screw thread on the inside. Nuts help fasten objects together and are used with screws or bolts.   Sources and Further Information Industrial Fasteners Institute. IFI Book of Fastener Standards. 10th ed. Independence OH: Industrial Fasteners Institute, 2018.  Rybczynski, Witold. One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw. New York: Scribner, 2000.

Segmentation and Target Market - 1581 Words

Segmentation and Target Market: Elio Motors Tina M Miller MKT 571 August 18, 2014 Jason Leonard Segmentation and Target Market: Elio Motors Introduction Paul Elio is the engineer and company CEO of an American startup automaker founded in 2008: Elio Motors. Production is slated to begin in early 2015 in Shreveport, Louisiana. The design of the vehicle has three wheels with all the standard convinces of a four wheeled vehicle. The selling points of this vehicle is that 90% of the parts used to produce the vehicle are American made, 84 mpg, and a projected manufacture suggested retail price of only $6,800. This paper will discuss the target market, market segmentation, and company strategy and branding. Market Segmentation The†¦show more content†¦The marketing strategy will set the tone and direction of the advertising through tone, style, and themes that included messages. Elio has prototypes that have been traveling across North America to stir up the interest of the target market. This visual presence has allowed Elio to take pre-orders and create public interest. It has also allowed Elio to educate the market about the product. The advertising position for Elio is product differentiation and lifestyle. The differences that stand out is the initial cost and the fuel efficiency of the vehicle. It also is positioned as a vehicle that meets the commuter lifestyle. It is not meant to replace existing family vehicles, only as an addition to the family fleet as a daily commuter. Elio’s primary market is the commuters. Company Strategy and Marketing Decisions Elio’s business strategy is well conceived. As stated by VP of Sales Jerome Vassallo, â€Å"As a commuter, 93 percent of the time you’re in a car by yourself. You’d drive a small car like this to and from the office and leave a larger vehicle parked back home in the driveway for when you need to carry additional passengers or have more cargo room† (Elio Motor: How it all Began, n.d.). 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Nursing and Diploma Program Free Essays

A registered nurse is a licensed professional with a four-year nursing degree. Able to provide all levels of nursing care including the administration of medication. The job description of a registered nurse is to work to promote good health and prevent illness. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing and Diploma Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now They educate patients and the public about various medical conditions; treat patients and help in their rehabilitation; and provide advice and emotional support to patients’ families. RNs use considerable judgment in providing a wide variety of services. They also develop the day-to-day nursing care plans both in hospital, and for care after discharge by families and visiting nurses. Advanced nursing practice is defined as the performance of advanced level nursing practice activities which, by virtue of post-basic education and experience, are appropriate to and may be performed by an advanced practice registered nurse My career goals are to maintain a comfortable salary to support my family in the future, and be able to afford the things I need and want throughout life and to live happy and comfortable. â€Å"Registered Nursesâ€Å" 2). Nursing is not necessarily an easy occupation to get into, there are certain requirements and qualifications. One of the most popular forms of education for registered nurses is an associate degree in nursing which takes about two years to complete. Other RN candidates may opt for a hospital diploma program where they take thirty to sixty hours worth of science classes and then take many more hours of classes which are heavily focused on nursing. The diploma program usually takes a minimum of three years. A diploma program meets the basic educational requirements to be a registered nurse. Another option is for the prospective RN to get a Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing from a university. Once a BSN degree is earned, it gives the person the opportunity to pursue higher education opportunities in his or her field such as a Master’s Degree or a PhD. The registered nurse educational requirements can vary from state to state as each state has its own laws and policies that govern the nursing profession. However, all registered nurses most take some sort of licensing exam in order to become legally able to practice in the registered nursing profession. While 2-3 years of training is required, it is possible to make a good living from the salary that you can earn as a registered nurse. But be aware that the profession can be stressful. Some of the most stressful nursing positions are those in hospitals, particularly in the emergency rooms. Some less stressful jobs may include working in private practice where the hours will not be as long. There are many ways to advance in the medical career. In order to be a nurse you must start at the bottom and work your way to the top. Some jobs that share the same training or similar training of a registered nurse are nurse-practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, and midwives. The duties of a nurse practitioner include conducting physical exams; diagnosing and treating common illnesses and injuries; providing immunizations; managing high blood pressure, diabetes, and other chronic problems. Clinical nurses duties are to provide care in specialty areas, such as cardiac, oncology (cancer), pediatrics, and psychiatric/mental health. They work in hospitals and clinics, providing medical care and mental health services, developing quality assurance procedures, and serving as educators and consultants. Last but not least, a midwives’ duties are to provide routine health care for women, but their practices are focused on pregnancy and delivery of babies. They lead classes in childbirth, sibling preparation, and care of newborns. If pregnancies continue without complications, nurse-midwives provide all prenatal care, assist mothers during labor, and deliver the babies. Following the births, they make sure that mothers and newborns are well and provide follow-up care. If emergencies occur, nurse-midwives are trained to provide assistance until doctors arrive. All of these occupations in the medical field are just an example to show you the similarities in these careers. (â€Å"Requirements of registered nursingâ€Å"1). When people are considering a career, they often ask questions. Such as; Can I support a family on my salary? , Can I buy a house? , and can I pay for my kids college? A registered nurses salary starts around $56,225 and ends at $68,251. After conducting research I have come to the conclusion that you can indeed afford a small home or nice apartment on a registered nurses salary. You can also afford a used car or afford to have low monthly payment on a vehicle. However, you cannot pay for a child’s college and afford bills without extra help. (â€Å"Salary Wizard†3). In order for me to meet my goals in the medical field, I must be focused. First I must work hard to receive good grades in high school, especially in science and math. I must maintain a great attitude and never give up in order to reach my goals in life. After graduating high school I will enroll in the New Horizons School Of Adult Education. There I will get my LPN license. I will be attending that school for 36 months. After graduating the LPN program I will put in applications in the hospital for LPN’s. Then while I am starting out my career then I will go to school for Registered Nurses. ? ? ? ? ? ? Kayla Foster Gold 6 5/9/2010 English 12 How to cite Nursing and Diploma Program, Papers